2024 Author: Adelina Croftoon | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 02:07
Some historians believe that between the reign of Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII was three hundred years less than official history believes. If this is true, then we are not living in 2009, but in 1709. Where did the “extra” three centuries come from in history?
It was 1582. Europeans counted the days and years according to the calendar of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, adopted in 45 BC. NS. Spring came on March 21, autumn began on September 23 (equinox days). But Caesar's calendar "did not keep up with the time": every year it was late by 11 minutes and 14 seconds.
By 1627, the accumulated discrepancy was already almost 13 days. Pope Gregory XIII, very well versed in astronomy, proposed another calendar, which we still use today. According to the new calendar, the equinoxes (the first day of spring) are moved forward, and the vernal equinox falls again on March 21. Gregory XIII, apparently, took the Ecumenical Council of the Church of 325 years as a starting point.
Invented story
Some historians believe that between the reign of Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII was three hundred years less than official history believes. If this is true, then we are not living in 2009, but in 1709. Where did the “extra” three centuries come from in history?
Historian Heinz Quirin and Professor Hans-Ulrich Nimitz of the University of Technical History in Leipzig suggest that the Church carried out a large-scale falsification in the Middle Ages: original documents were destroyed and replaced with forged manuscripts. In the Vatican and in monasteries, hundreds of literate monks composed a three-hundred-year history - wars, dynastic marriages, atrocities, colorful biographies of popes, kings and emperors …
The years to be … erased
The Munich theorist Heribert Illig in his book "Invented Middle Ages" examined in detail the history of the early Middle Ages, meticulously compared written sources and architectural monuments of that time. The historian discovered numerous contradictions, which have not yet been explained, and they are simply hushed up.
To resolve the controversy, Illig offered a startling but well-founded solution: there was really no European history from 614 to 911, these years are included in the chronicles in hindsight, so they should be deleted.
Historical information about this period is scarce, there are few archaeological finds. Cultural layers of the 7th-9th centuries have not been found in any modern city that existed in the days of the Roman Empire. Written sources describing this time refer to later centuries. According to these sources, hundreds of Byzantine cities were depopulated during these three hundred years. The first archaeological sites of Moorish Spain date back not to the 8th century (the Moors came there in 711), but only to the beginning of the 10th century.
Forgotten technology
Descriptions of the lifestyle of the Europeans of the 7th-9th centuries have not reached us. One gets the impression that the peoples of Europe plunged into oblivion and could not come to their senses for a long time.
After the preacher Columban, who founded several monasteries in Gaul at the beginning of the 7th century, for some unknown reason not a single monastic order was founded until 1084, when the Cartesian order arose. And in subsequent years, many new orders appeared: Franciscans, Clarissines, Dominicans, Servites, Tertians, Tselestinians, Augustinians. It is also remarkable that the last antique mosaics were created in the 6th century - for example, in the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. And the Venetian mosaics date back to 1018. Well, in the interval between the 6th and 11th centuries, the mosaic technique was forgotten?
The Mystery of Charlemagne
If the history of three centuries is fictitious, then the historical figures of this period did not exist. This also applies to such central figures as Charlemagne (743-814), his father Pippin, both of his grandfathers - Geribert Lansky and Karl Martell, as well as Charles's son, Louis the Pious, and other monarchs from the Carolingian dynasty.
In 1165, Charlemagne was canonized by the antipope Paschal III at the suggestion of Frederick I Barbarossa. But are Charlemagne's feats plausible? Karl lifted two armed warriors with one hand, bent horseshoes, rode tirelessly for thousands of kilometers. But, by the way, in his empire there were no roads at all, only paths.
Karl's birthplace is unknown. Eight cities dispute the honor of being considered his homeland. Date of birth is approximate: between 742 and 747 years. His mother was a Breton princess, but this fact is in question. Charlemagne's biographer, Bishop Einhard, lived at court, talked with Charles every day, but did not learn anything about the origin, childhood and youth of the emperor.
The king of the Franks was so strong that he succeeded in everything. He defeated the Lombards in Italy, the Saxons on the Elba, the Moors in Spain, the Magyars on the Danube, the Avars, the Bohemians … He united almost all of Europe under his rule. He opened five monasteries a year, waged continuous wars, but managed to build more than 60 palaces and 250 more residences!
Dream of a good ruler
Charlemagne's greatest architectural achievement is the palace chapel in Aachen, at his main residence. It is the world's first large domed vault made of hewn stone blocks. The dome diameter is 15.3 meters, the height is 30.5, the walls are 86 centimeters thick. The chapel in Aachen stands alone, the previous buildings of this type are unknown, and the next similar building was erected only three hundred years later. All other residences of Charlemagne disappeared.
The renowned historian of the early Middle Ages, Belgian professor Henri Pirenne, characterized Charlemagne as the beacon of Europe, but at the same time emphasized that Charles ruled a continent that was in deep decline. Charles allegedly carried out the first monetary reform in Europe. But, according to Pirenne, trade and commodity exchange were at that time in a state of complete stagnation. There was no money in circulation, no taxes were levied in the empire. The trade was carried out in the form of in-kind exchange. The harbors have closed. The people became so impoverished that there was no one to bring donations to the church.
What funds were spent on endless wars? Who financed the construction of the architectural masterpiece in Aachen?
The death of Charlemagne is also shrouded in mystery. He allegedly died on January 28, 814, but the emperor was not placed in a magnificent tomb, but was buried hastily, like the corpse of a man who had died from the plague.
Historian Martin Lintzel sees in Charlemagne the passionate dream of the European peoples for a good ruler. Lintzel's colleague, Sigurd Graf, also believes that this is a legendary figure. Heribert Illig is sure that the 117 legends about Charles are fictional stories about the ideal sovereign.
In the name of the Lord
For what reason is medieval history falsified? Who would benefit from "adding" three hundred years? Illig calls the initiator of the falsification of the emperor Constantine VII, as well as Otgon III and Sylvester I. Otto III ruled in 996-1002. Erected to the throne by Otgon, the Pope was an expert in Arabic astronomy and mathematics, and the mother of Emperor Otgon III Theophano grew up in the Byzantine court and retained strong ties there. Byzantium needed an "additional" period of time, since the Persians in 614 captured and stole the Cross of the Lord on Calvary - the most important relic of Christianity. And the "extra time" came in handy to put in it the story of how the Cross of the Lord was won back.
In all cultures, the starting point of the chronology was secretly changed.“In the name of the Lord,” rulers and churchmen manipulated time, which only the initiates knew about. The Byzantines replaced the year 1014 of the Seleucid era (reckoned from the beginning of the reign of Seleucus around 312 BC) to 6508 from the Creation of the world. Christians in the West replaced the year 419 of the “era of martyrs” (or the era of Diocletian, which began with the year of accession to the throne of the Roman emperor Diocletian in 284 AD) by 1000 AD; and the Jews began to consider the year 1014 of the Seleucid era as 4464 from the Creation of the world.
Nobody let it slip
Thus, the contradictions and ambiguities associated with the early Middle Ages can be easily explained by the fact that there were no three centuries in reality. The theory is interesting, plausible, but a legitimate question arises: how was the falsification carried out on a continental scale? There were many initiates, and at the same time no one betrayed the secret. The correspondence of astronomical events to historical facts contradicts Illig's theory.
Nevertheless, the discussion about falsifications in historiography, which raised many questions, required further study of the factual material.
Alina LOSEVA
Secrets of the twentieth century.
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